Chapter 2  Chemical Components of Cells

   I. Chemical bonds
      A. Atoms
         1. electrons
         2. protons
         3. atomic number
         4. atomic weight
         5. molecular weight
      B. Outermost electrons
         1. electron shell
         2. 2, 8, 8
         3. chemical bonds
      C. Ionic bonds
         1. ions
         2. anions
         3. cations
         4. electrostatic attraction
      D. Covalent bonds
         1. molecule
         2. single, double, triple bonds
      E. Hydrogen bonds
         1. hydrophilic
         2. hydrophobic
      F. Acids and Bases
         1. pH scale
         2. OH-
         3. buffers

  II. Molecules in Cells
      A. Carbon
      B. Sugars - carbohydrates
         1. glycosidic bonds
         2. oligosaccharide & polysaccharides
         3. energy storage
         4. structural
            a. cellulose
            b. chitin
         5. glycoproteins
         6. glycolipids
      C. Lipids
         1. Fatty acid & glycerol
         2. amphipathic
         3. saturated & unsaturated
         4. triacylglycerol
         5. steroids
         6. phospholipids
      D. Proteins
         1. amino acids
         2. peptide bond
         3. N-terminus & C-terminus
      E. Nucleic acids
         1. nucleotide
            a. base
               1) A, C, G, T, & U
            b. sugar
            c. phosphate
         2. ATP

 III. Macromolecules
      A. Subunits
         1. sequence
      B. Macromolecule shape
         1. conformations
         2. noncovalent bonds
            a. hydrogen bonds
            b. van der Walls attractions
            c. hydrophilic, hydrophobic interactions